Tratamiento conservador del quilotórax posquirúrgico en paciente pediátrico / Conservative treatment of post-surgical chylothorax in pediatric patient

INTRODUCCIÓN. El quilotórax resulta de un daño al conducto torácico por ruptura, laceración, desgarro o compresión. Es una patología rara de derrame pleural en la edad pediátrica, pero frecuente como complicación posterior a cirugía cardiotorácica. La base del tratamiento conservador se ha fundamentado en: drenaje inicial, modificación de la dieta, uso de somatostatina o análogos sintéticos como octreotide, cirugía, prevención y manejo de complicaciones. Fue preciso describir la experiencia institucional clínica así como su abordaje. CASO CLÍNICO. Paciente masculino de 4 meses de edad, que ingresó a la Unidad Pediátrica Área de Emergencias del Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín, el 13 de septiembre de 2019 con antece-dente quirúrgico de atresia de esófago corregida en etapa neonatal. Acudió con dificultad respiratoria, radiografía de tórax que evidenció derrame pleural derecho, toracentesis diagnóstica con salida de líquido de aspecto turbio y lechoso; se colocó tubo de tórax derecho. Se prescribió ayuno inicial, nutrición parenteral durante 4 semanas hasta comprobar resolución del quilotórax. Fue dado de alta en condición estable tras 43 días de hospitalización. DISCUSIÓN. La evidencia científica registró que el tratamiento conservador del quilotórax se basó en: drenaje, reposo digestivo inicial, nutrición parenteral, modificación cualitativa de la dieta enteral y uso de octreotide; el mismo que fue aplicado al paciente de este caso clínico con evolución favorable. CONCLUSIÓN. El tratamiento conservador y multidisciplinario en el abordaje del qui-lotórax fue exitoso y no necesitó manejo quirúrgico.

INTRODUCTION. Chylothorax results from damage to the thoracic duct by rupture, la-ceration, tear or compression. It is a rare pathology of pleural effusion in pediatric age, but frequent as a complication after cardiothoracic surgery. The basis of conservative treatment has been based on: initial drainage, diet modification, use of somatostatin or synthetic analogues such as octreotide, surgery, prevention and management of complications. It was necessary to describe the clinical institutional experience as well as its approach. CLINICAL CASE. A 4-month-old male patient was admitted to the Emergency Area Pediatric Unit of the Carlos Andrade Marín Specialties Hospital on september 13, 2019 with a surgical history of esophageal atresia corrected in the neonatal stage. He went with respiratory distress, chest X-ray that showed right pleural effusion, diagnostic thoracentesis with outflow of cloudy and milky fluid; a right chest tube was placed. Initial fasting was prescribed, parenteral nutrition for 4 weeks until resolution of the chylothorax was verified. He was discharged in stable condition after 43 days of hospitalization. DISCUSSION. The scientific evidence recorded that the conservative treatment of chylothorax was based on: drainage, initial digestive rest, parenteral nutrition, qualitative modification of enteral diet and use of octreotide; the same that was applied to the patient of this clinical case with favorable evolu-tion. CONCLUSION. Conservative and multidisciplinary treatment in the approach to chylothorax was successful.

Quilotórax bilateral posterior a trauma de tórax cerrado / Bilateral chylothorax after a blunt chest trauma

El término quilotórax se refiere a la presencia de quilo en el espacio pleural, es usualmente secundario a la ruptura del conducto torácico, a una se sus ramas o debido a alguna alteración del flujo del quilo. Algunas de sus causas: son trauma, neoplasias, misceláneas e idiopáticas. Está asociado a una alta morbilidad y mortalidad. Su manejo puede ser conservador o quirúrgico...

Videotoracoscopia como uma opção no tratamento cirúrgico do quilotórax após cirurgia cardíaca pediátrica / Video-assisted thoracoscopy as an option in the surgical treatment of chylothorax after cardiac surgery in children

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o uso de videotoracoscopia no tratamento cirúrgico do quilotórax após cirurgia para correção de cardiopatias congênitas em crianças. MÉTODOS: Revisamos os prontuários médicos de 3.092 crianças operadas para a correção de cardiopatias congênitas no Instituto do Coração/Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo (SP) entre fevereiro de 2002 e fevereiro de 2007. RESULTADOS: Das 3.092 crianças, 64 (2,2 por cento) apresentaram quilotórax como complicação pós-operatória. Em 50 (78,1 por cento) dessas, o tratamento clínico foi bem-sucedido, enquanto esse falhou em 14 (21,9 por cento), as quais foram submetidas à ligação do ducto torácico por videotoracoscopia. A ligação do ducto torácico obteve sucesso em 12 pacientes (86 por cento) e falhou em 2 casos, os quais foram resolvidos com medidas clínicas adicionais, como dieta pobre em gorduras e nutrição parenteral. Não houve morbidade ou mortalidade relacionada à operação. Dos 14 pacientes, 5 (35 por cento) faleceram em decorrência de complicações cardíacas ou infecciosas. CONCLUSÕES: A ligadura videoassistida do ducto torácico pode ser realizada com segurança em pacientes gravemente enfermos e com doença cardíaca grave, com resultados favoráveis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of video-assisted thoracoscopy in the surgical treatment of chylothorax developed after the surgical correction of congenital heart disease in children. METHODS: We reviewed the medical charts of 3,092 children who underwent surgery for congenital heart disease between February of 2002 and February of 2007 at the Heart Institute of the University of São Paulo School of Medicine Hospital das Clínicas, in São Paulo, Brazil. RESULTS: Of the 3,092 children, 64 (2.2 percent) presented with chylothorax as a postoperative complication. In 50 (78.1 percent) of those patients, the clinical management was successful, whereas it failed in 14 (21.9 percent), all of whom were then submitted to thoracic duct ligation by video-assisted thoracoscopy. The thoracic duct ligation was successful in 12 patients (86 percent) but failed in 2. In the postoperative period, additional clinical measures, such as a low-fat diet and parenteral nutrition, were required in order to resolve those 2 cases. There was no surgical morbidity or mortality. Of the 14 patients who underwent thoracic duct ligation, 5 (35 percent) died due to cardiac or infectious complications. CONCLUSIONS: Video-assisted thoracic duct ligation can be safely performed in patients with severe heart disease, and the outcomes are favorable.

Delayed concurrent chylothorax and chyloperitoneum: report of a case after an old blunt trauma

A 15-year-old boy was referred to Imam Reza Hospital with a right chest tube and chylothorax for 40 days. The patient had respiratory distress and undergone refractory treatment for chylothorax. The fluid content was chyle-rich in lipids. Computed Tomography of the chest showed a large, incompletely evacuated cyst in the left posterior mediastinum with left pleural effusion. The cyst could not be resected through right thoracotomy, because of the left side location of the cyst. Ligation of the thoracic duct through right thoracotomy was not effective in reducing chylous effusion 4 days later. Left chylothorax exacerbated because of the complication of right thoracotomy. Laparatomy was performed to ligate the thoracic duct 6 days later. On exploratory laparatomy, chylous effusion was detected in the peritoneum.Thoracic duct with all the fibro-fatty tissues was ligated below the diaphragm over the spine at 12th to 2nd vertebral spaces. Right chylothorax was resolved after ligation of thoracic duct transabdominally 1-2 days later. Left chylous effusion was decreased and treated 46 days after laparatomy. One year follow up of the patient showed excellent result. In our knowledge, thoracic duct cyst occurring as a result of a delayed chylothorax and chyloperitoneum has not been reported in the literature. Surgical thoracic duct ligation can be the treatment of choice

A respeito de um caso de quilotórax bilateral e quiloascite espontâneos: aspectos clínicos e cirúrgicos / About a case of espontaneous bilateral chylothorax and chyloascitis: clinical and surgical aspects

Efusão quilosa pleural ou quilotórax significa acúmulo quiloso no espaço pleural, geralmente como ruptura secundária dos ductos linfáticos torácicos, que pode ser promovida por vários estímulos, desde trauma, doenças malignas até causas idiopáticas. É definido como uma efusão de linfa na cavidade pleural, podendo ter origem no tórax ou na cavidade abdominal, ou em ambos. É de aspecto leitoso, inodoro, branco, de pH alcalino com gravidade específica acima de 1012, bacteriostático, não irritativo à pleura. É opalescente, formado quando triglicérides de cadeia longa da dieta são transformados em quilomícrons de baixa densidade lipoprotéica secretados no intestino. O quilo é transportado através do ducto torácico e drenado na veia subclávia esquerda. O diagnóstico é baseado em análise clínica da efusão pleural contendo quilomícrons e níveis de triglicérides maior que 110 mg/dL como indicativo praticamente certo de efusão pleural quilosa. A conduta depende da causa e das circunstâncias individuais. Um relato de quilotórax bilateral e quiloascite espontâneos é apresentado com ótima evolução através de tratamento conservador com a utilização de dieta enteral oligomérica, rica em aminoácidos, com glutamina e mínima oferta de triglicérides de cadeia média e octeotride

Chylous pleural effusion or chylothorax means chyle accumulation in the pleural space generally as a secondary disruption of thoracic lymphatics, that can be promoted by various stimulants, since trauma, malignancies, to idiopathic causes. Is defined as an effusion of limphin pleural cavity. Chyle may have its origin in the thorax or in the abdomen, or both. Is a milky, white, alkaline pH with a specific gravity above 1012, bacteriostatic and nonirritating to thepleural space, opalescent fluid formed when long-chain triglycerides in the diet are transformed into chylomicrons and very-low-density lipoproteins and secreted into intestinal lacteals. The chyle is transported through the thoracic duct and drained into the left subclavian vein. Diagnosis is based on a chemical analysis of the pleural effusion presenting chylomicrons, pleural triglyceride with levels greater than 110 mg/dL being nearly always indicative of a chylous pleural effusion. Management depends on the underlying cause and the individual circumstances. A case report of spontaneous chylothorax and chyloascitis is presented successfullytreated by conservative means, using oligomeric enteral feeding, rich in amino acids with minimum quantity of medium-chain-triglycerides, glutamine, and octeotride

Quilotórax: táctica diagnóstica y terapéutica / Chylothorax: diagnostic methodology and treatment

Antecedentes: El quilotórax es el acumulo de quilo en la cavidad pleural, secundario a una pérdida desde el conducto torácico, produciendo alteraciones cardiorrespiratorias, metabólicas y nutritivas. Objetivo: Analizar la metodología diagnóstica y terapéutica aplicada en pacientes con quilotórax. Diseño: Análisis retrospectivo de historias clínicas. Método: Desde enero de 1994 hasta mayo de 2004 se incluyeron 7 pacientes, 6 varones y 1 mujer, con una edad promedio de 40,4 años (rango 24-56). Todos los pacientes presentaron disnea y tos seca. A todos los enfermos se les realizó radiografía y TAC de tórax, estudio de triglicéridos (TG), colesterol y láctico deshidrogenasa (LDH) del líquido pleural, y en un paciente se indicó la linfografía radioisotópica. Todos los enfermos recibieron tratamiento inicial con avenamiento pleural, alimentación oral selectiva y parenteral parcial o total, y en dos casos se indicó tratamiento quirúrgico (Operación de Lampson) ante el fracaso del tratamiento inicial. Resultados: Los dos pacientes a quienes se les realizó la ligadura del conducto torácico tuvieron buena evolución. De los cinco restantes, 3 evolucionaron favorablemente, 1 paciente no concurrió a los controles y otro falleció sin resolver el quilotórax. La mortalidad fue del 14,2 por ciento (1 de 7 pacientes). Conclusiones: El quilotórax es de presentación infrecuente. Se sospecha por la clínica, la radiografía simple de tórax, la TAC, y se confirma por la medición de TG, colesterol y LDH en líquido pleural. Todos los pacientes son tratados inicialmente con drenaje pleural, dieta selectiva y/o parenteral, reservando la conducta quirúrgica ante el fracaso de éstos

Massive primary chylopericardium in an infant.

We report a case of massive spontaneous primary chylopericardium in a 2-month-old infant who was successfully treated with thoracic duct ligation and creation of a posterior pericardial window.

Quilotórax postesofagectomía: caso clínico / Postesophagectomy chylothorax: clinical case

El quilotórax representa una complicación grave de la cirugía cardiotorácica que desencadena en el paciente un severo compromiso hidroelectrolítico y nutricional. Afortunadamente, es poco frecuente habiéndose descrito en alrededor del 3 por ciento en las esofagectomías transhiatales, que es la cirugía con mayor riesgo de presentar esta complicación. En su diagnóstico es de gran utilidad reconocer una alta concentración de triglicéridos en el líquido pleural, la cual es estimulada por la ingesta grasa. Para su tratamiento se ha utilizado un manejo conservador con drenajes pleurales y apoyo hidroelectrolíco y nutricional y, por otra parte, un tratamiento quirúrgico cuando el anterior fracasa o, también, en forma precoz una vez diagnosticada la complicación. Se presenta un caso clínico de quilotórax por lesión del conducto torácico producida durante una esofagetomía transtorácica en un cáncer de tercio medio del esófago. Cuando se diagnostica una lesión del conducto torácico propiamente tal, los mejores resultados se han logrado con el tratamiento quirúrgico precoz ligando el conducto, tal como se hizo con buen resultado en el caso presentado

Quilotórax após o uso de artéria torácica interna esquerda na revascularizaçäo do miocárdio / Chylothorax after myocardial revascularization with the left internal thoracic artery

A 38-year-old male underwent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). A saphenous vein graft was attached to the left marginal branch. The left internal thoracic artery was anastomosed to the left anterior descending artery (LAD). The early recovery was uneventful and the patient was discharged on the 5th postoperative day. After three months, he came back to the hospital complaining of weight loss, weakness, and dyspnea on mild exertion. Chest X-rays showed left pleural effusion. On physical examination, a decreased vesicular murmur was detected. After six days, the diagnosis of chylothorax was made after a milky fluid was detected in the plural cavity and total pulmonary expansion did not occur. On the next day, both anterior and posterior pleural drainage were performed by videothoracoscopy, and prolonged parenteral nutrition (PPN) was instituted for ten days. After seven days the patient was put on a low-fat diet for 8 days. The fluid accumulation ceased, the drains were removed and the patient was discharged with normal pulmonary expansion

Quilotórax traumático por ferimento penetrante do tórax / Traumatic chylothorax by Gunshot wound of thorax

The authors report two cases of traumatic chylothorax. They were caused by gunshot wounds producing thorax transfixing injuries and the chilothorax was subsequently diagnosed during the thoracic drainage follow-up, a chilous color was noticed in the drainage output. This was confirmed with a Sudam III stain. Both cases were treated conservatively with Total Parenteral Nutrition according to the current literature. One of the cases, in its evolution, required surgical treatment due to a persistent high output fistulae

Quilotórax traumático en el Hospital Eugenio Espejo 1989-1996: análisis de 9 casos / Traumatic quiotórax in the Hospital Eugene Mirror 1989-1996: analysis of 9 cases

Expone que en la Unidad de Cirugía Cardiotorácica del Hospital Eugenio Espejo de Quito, entre 1989 a 1996, fueron tratados nueve casos de Quilotórax Traumático. Seis se debieron a trauma cerrado y tres a trauma penetrante de tórax. Con una prevalencia en el sexo masculino en el 66.66xcto. El diagnóstico en todos los casos, se realizó por el aspecto macroscópico y la bioquímica del líquido pleural. El tratamiento fue conservador en cinco de estos pacientes, recibiendo dieta hipograsa con triglicéridos de cadena media, más toracostomía y en cuatro casos se realizó ligadura del conducto torácico mediante toracotomía. No se obervó mortalidad ni recidivas.

Quilotórax: conceptos diagnósticos y de tratamiento / Chylothorax: diagnostic and therapeutic concepts

Se revisa la bibliografía, en relación con la fisiología del conducto torácico, la fisiopatología del quilotórax y los tratamientos médico y quirúrgico del quilotórax

Quilotórax pós-traumático: experiência no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardiotorácica / Traumatic Chylothorax. Experience in the Postoperative Period of Cardiovascular Surgery

PURPOSE--To report the accumulated experience in the treatment of patients with postoperative chylothorax (CHT) recovery utilizing pleural drainage associated to alipoidic diet and/or intravenous nutrition. METHODS--The aim of this work is to analyse the management of 11 patients (8 males; 11 months to 70 years old) with post-operative CHT. The previous pathologies were: congenital heart disease in 7; coronary insufficiency in 2; pulmonary tumor in 1 and mediastinal tumor in 1. The diagnosis was made up to 2nd postoperative week in 6, up to 4th week in 3 and later in 2 patients. The volume through the drain ranged from 200 to 3200ml/24h (median 636ml/24h). The laboratory diagnosis was made by lipidic presence in pleural effusion. In all patients the clinical management was made by hipo or alipoidic diet. RESULTS--In 7 the response was good with a decrease of drainage progressively. In 4, it was necessary the introduction of intravenous nutrition by the insufficient response and maintenance of drainage. The reoperation was not used and lymph fistula closed in a period until 10 days in 1 patient; until 20 days in 6 and after this in 4. CONCLUSION--In conclusion, the post-operative CHT may be treated by thoracic drainage and alipoidic diet and/or intravenous nutrition with fistula closure in all patients and without need of reoperation

Objetivo - Relatar a experiência acumulada no tratamento de pacientes portadores de quilotórax (QT) pós-operatório com o uso de drenagem pleural associada à dieta alipídica e/ou nutrição parental. Métodos - Foram analisados 11 pacientes (8 do sexo masculino, com idade variando de 11 meses a 70 anos) com QT pós-operatório. As patologias eram: cardiopatias congênitas em 7; insuficiência coronária em 2; tamoração pulmonar em 1 e mediastinal em 1. O diagnóstico foi feito até a 2ª semana de pós-operatório em 6, até a 4ª semana em 3 e mais tardiamente em 2. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos à punção e/ou drenagem torácica e o volume drenado variou de 200 a 3200ml/24h (média de 636ml/24h). O diagnóstico laboratorial foi feito pela presença de lipídios no líquido pleural. Em todos os pacientes, o tratamento clínico constou de dieta hipo ou alipídica. Resultados - Em 7 pacientes houve uma diminuição da drenagem mas em 4 foi necessária a introdução de nutrição parenteral, visto que a diminuição da drenagem não ocorreu. A reoperação não foi realizada em qualquer um destes pacientes e houve fechamento da fístulan um período de 10 dias em 1 paciente, até 20 dias embe em mais de 20 dias em 4. Conclusão - O QT pós-operatório pode ser tratado por drenagem torácica e dieta alipídica e/ou nutrição parenteral com fechamento da fístula em todos os pacientes, sem necessidade de reoperação

Chylous cysts of the mediastinum: report of a case and review of the literature

Life-threatening spontaneous chylothorax is a rare clinical entity. Correct diagnosis and understanding of its pathogenesis is paramount in order to apply definite surgical treatment. A case of a ruptured multilocular chylocyst around the thoracic duct and cysterna chyli is presented. Multiple bilateral aspirations, right thoracostomy, right thoracotomy, a frustrated attempt to ligate the thoracic duct, and an attempt to insert a pleuroperitoneal shunt, were all unsuccessful. Definite surgery accomplished rehabilitation of the patient after a 5 1/2 month hospitalization. Revision of the literature and vindicative historical facts are presented

Management of traumatic chylothorax

The management of a case of traumatic chylothorax is described. After establishing the diagnosis, conservative management [including total parenteral nutrition] was tried over 2 weeks without any fruitful outcome. Prompt recovery was achieved following surgical intervention

Tratamento do derrame quiloso / Treatment of chylothorax

Os autores baseando-se na observaçäo de dois casos de quilotórax, sendo um espontâneo e um pós-traumático, tecem algumas consideraçöes com relaçäo a medida terapêutica a ser adotada. A terapêutica médica conservadora e cirúrgica têm, de fato, indicaçöes precisas e modalidades para serem efetuadas que, se bem conduzidas, levam a cura do paciente

Quilotorax traumático: caso clínico tratado con ligadura del conducto torácico / Traumatic chylothorax treated with ligature of thoracic duct

Se presenta un caso clínico de quilotórax izquierdo secundario a herida por arma blanca en la región cervical, tratado exitosamente con ligadura del conducto torácico a través de toracotomía izquierda. Se discute la etiopatogenia del quilotórax y su diagnóstico y tratamiento médico quirúrgico actual